Black pepper: Chemical composition and biological activities

Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a tropical plant, best known for its fruit, used as spice all around the world. The fruits of black can be processed in various ways, so there are end products such white, black, red, and green pepper. contains many substances terpenes, alkaloids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, etc., which responsible some most important biological activities: antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, hepatoprotective, bio-enhancing enzyme inhibitory activities. These activities have also been proven clinical studies, probably future research should based on discovering effective way to use active compounds development herbal drugs with fewer contraindications than standard drugs. Further preclinical studies needed prepare apply phytoformulations isolates.